PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM

For this topic I less understanding but I will try reflect back what my lecturer explain to me in the class. The first thing I remember it is about major theories. The major theories of learning have three:

1. Behaviorism – stimulus and reinforces.
2. Cognitivism – mental operation.
3. Humanistic psychology – whole child (social, psychology, and cognitive development).

Principle of learning Behaviourist. According to:

1. Thorndike: Law of Effect - When a connection between a situation and a response is made and it is accompanied by a satisfying state of affairs, that connection is strengthened; when accompanied by an annoying state of affairs, the connection is weakened.
2. Pavlov-Watson: Classical Conditioning - Whenever a response is closely followed by the reduction of a drive, the tendency is for the stimulus to evoke that reaction on subsequent occasions; association strength of the stimulus–response bond depends on the conditioning of the response and the stimulus.
3. Skinner: Operant conditioning - In contrast to classical conditioning, no specific or identifiable stimulus consistently elicits operant behavior. If an operant response is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the strength of the response is increased.
4. Bandura: Observational Learning - Behavior is best learned through observing and modeling. Emphasis is placed on vicarious, symbolic, and self-regulatory processes.
5. Gagne: Hierarchical Learning - Eight behaviors or categories are based on prerequisite conditions and cumulative stages of learning.

Principle of learning Cognitivist. According to:

1. Montessori: Structured Play - Instructional emphasis of visual and auditory activities; children learn at different rates.
2. Piaget: Cognitive stages of development - Four cognitive stages form a sequence of progressive mental operations; the stages are hierarchical and increasingly more complex. Assimilation, accommodation and equilibration - The incorporation of new experiences, the method of modifying new experiences to derive meaning, and the process of blending new experiences into a systematic whole.
3. Vygotsky: Theory of Language and Cultural Transmission - Learning involves human development (and potential) as well as cultural development (or environments shaped by beliefs and behaviors of previous generations).
4. Bruner-Phenix: Structure of a subject - The knowledge, concepts, and principles of a subject; learning how things are related is learning the structure of a subject; inquiry-discovery methods of learning are essential.
5. Gardner: Eight multiple intelligences - This is a cross-cultural, expanded concept of what is intelligence such areas as linguistics, music, logical-mathematical, spatial, body-kinaesthetic, and personal.
6. Guilford: 120 potential cognitive processes - This involves three-dimensional model (6 5 4) of intelligence called the structure of intellect.
7. Ennis-Lipman-Sternberg: Critical Thinking - This involves teaching students how to think, including forming concepts, generalizations, cause effect relationships, inferences, consistencies and contradictions, assumptions, analogies, and the like.

Principle of learning Humanistic. According to:

1. Maslow: Human Needs - Six human needs are related to survival and psychological well-being; the needs are hierarchical and serve to direct behaviour.
2. Rogers: Freedom to learn - Becoming a full person requires freedom to learn; the learner is encouraged to be open, self-trusting, and self-accepting.